Materi Grammar
Topics covered for Grammar 1 Course:
1.Tenses
a. Review
on the basic tenses of English in nominal and verbal sentences.
b.Nominal
sentences: Subject + be + Noun
Subject + be
+ Adjective
Subject + be
+ Prepositional Phrase
John (be) absent
John is absent now
John was absent last week
John will be absent next week
John is absent every Saturday
John has been absent for three days.
c. Verbal
sentences: Subject + Verb + (Object)
He
(study) English
He
is studying English now
He
studies English every Friday
He
studied English last Monday
He
will study English next Friday
He
has studied English for 5 months
He
has been studying English for 5 months.
The
cat eats the meat.
What
does the cat eat?
What
eats the meat?
The
red book belongs to John.
2.Yes/No
questions related to the various tenses previously reviewed.
Auxiliary +
Subject + Verb + Complement
Did you go to Denpasar?
3.Wh-word
questions in various tenses previously discussed.
Question Word +
Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Complement?
Where will you
go?
4.Elliptical
constructions
So + Auxiliary +
Subject.
Neither +
Auxiliary + Subject.
Subject +
Auxiliary + too.
5.The uses of the
24 auxiliaries in English:
Present Past
a. Be: is
am was
are were
b.Do: do did
does
c. Have:
have
has had
d.Modals: shall should
will would
can could
may might
must
ought to
used to
need
dare
6.Personal
Pronouns in English (Subjective, Possessive (adjective, pronoun), Objective,
Reflexive) Personal Pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Subjective
|
Possessive
|
Objective
|
Reflexive
|
|
Adjective
|
Pronoun
|
|||
I
|
My
|
Mine
|
Me
|
Myself
|
We
|
Our
|
Ours
|
Us
|
Ourselves
|
You
|
Your
|
Yours
|
You
|
Yourself/Yourselves
|
They
|
Their
|
Theirs
|
Them
|
Themselves
|
He
|
His
|
His
|
Him
|
Himself
|
She
|
Her
|
Hers
|
Her
|
Herself
|
It
|
Its
|
Its
|
It
|
itself
|
7.Degrees of
Comparison.
a. Positive:
as …. as, so …. as.
b.Comparative:
‘- er’ and ‘more -‘
c. Superlative:
‘- est’ and ‘most -‘
8.Passive Voice.
Active: Subject
+ Verb +
Object
Passive:
Subject + Be + Verb III + Object
9.Reported Speech
(Changing direct speeches into indirect ones).
a. Statements
as direct speeches.
b.Yes/no
questions as direct speeches.
c. Wh-word
questions as direct speeches
d.Imperatives
as direct speeches.
10.
Gerund.
a. Gerund
as subject
- Swimming
is my hobby
- Working
all day makes me tired.
b.Gerund
as object
I
stop smoking
He
objected to attending the meeting
c. Gerund
as Complement
- My
hobby is swimming.
d.Gerund
as noun modifier.
- Swimming
pool, boiling point, working hours.
11.
Present Participle.
a. Present
participle used in progressive tenses
- She
is sweeping the floor.
- I was
watching the program when he came to my house.
- I
have been waiting for you.
b.Present
participle as noun modifier
- The
ones appearing before the noun being modified: swimming boy, dancing girl,
running water.
- The
ones appearing after the noun being modified: The boy living next door is my
classmate; I don’t know the lady addressing you just now.
c. Present
participle as clause modifier: Verb-ing, Subject + Predicate + Object.
There
are three different meanings of present participles as clause modifier:
- The
action in the present participle serves as a reason why the action in clause
happens. Raining heavily, I cannot go out for pleasure.
- To
indicate simultaneous activities: Watching TV, my father smoked a cigarette.
- To
indicate activities happening in succession: Having done the homework, I went
out for pleasure.
d.Adjectival
Participle
Verbs
in –ing having the same function as adjectives: interesting, exciting, amusing,
confusing, etc.
Examples:
-
The performance is very interesting
- Working all day is tiring
12. Bare infinitives
These refer to verb forms that are
not preceded the word ‘to’ as well as not followed by any suffix.
Various
structural patterns in which bare infinitives are used:
a. Subject
+ Modal + Bare Infinitive
He can swim
They
can speak English
John
can drive a car
b.Subject
+ Verbs + Noun/Pronoun + Bare Infinitive
The
verbs used in this context are: let, make, know, help, have; see, watch,
notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel.
Examples:
- I let
you borrow my bike
- He
made the child cry
- I saw
them cross the street
c. Subject
+ Verb + that S – P(Bare Infinitive) + Complement
The
verbs used in this context are verbs of proposal: propose, insist, suggest,
recommend, advise, it is important, it is necessary.
Examples:
I
advised that John be present at the meeting.
He
suggests that the lady attend the meeting.
13.
To
infinitives: It refers to the use of verb 1 preceded with ‘to’. The structures
in which to infinitives are used are as follows:
a. To infinitive as subject:
-
To
study English is very interesting
-
To
work all day makes us tired.
b.
It +
be + adjective + to infinitive
-
It is
necessary to own a laptop
-
It is
dangerous to cross the river
c. It + be + Noun + to infinitive
It is a pity to see the old man
It is a compulsory to pay the school fee.
d.
Subject
+ Verb + Noun/Pronoun + to infinitive
The verbs that can be used in this pattern are: tell, ask, want, expect, allow, cause, force,
etc.
Examples:
-
I
allow him to go out.
-
I told
him to stay at home.
-
He
asked me to attend the meeting.
14.
Past
Participles. These refer to the third forms of verbs. The structures in which
past participles are used are:
a. They are used in perfect tenses:
-
Present
Perfect Tense
-
Past
Perfect Tense
-
Present
Future Perfect
-
Past
Future Perfect
b.
Passive
voice: Subject + Be + Past Participle
-
The
house was built in 1908.
-
He
will be invited to the party
c. Subjunctives:
Subject + wish + that + S + had + Past Participle
I wished that he had been present at the meeting.
d.
Conditional
sentence type 3:
Subject + would + have + Verb III IF Subject + had + Verb III.
I would have done the job if I had had enough time.
e.As
a noun modifier:
Before the noun being modified: written paper,
educated people, broken glass, selected biscuits.
After the nouns being modified:
-
I like
the novel written by Robert
-
The
motor bike used by John is very expensive.
f. Subject + Verb + N/P + Past Participle
I saw the man arrested by the police
I will have my car washed
I heard Smith punished by the teacher.
15.
Noun Clauses and adjective clause
Noun clauses are clauses having the same roles as
nouns. The functions are:
a. As subjects:
-
What I want to buy are books and pens.
-
Where she lives is beyond my knowledge.
-
That he frequently comes late is known by the teacher.
b.
As
objects:
-
I
don’t know where he lives.
-
He
believes what I have said
-
He
asked me why I came late
c. As complements:
-
This
is what I want to buy.
-
The
lady is whom I am looking for.
Adjective clauses are the ones used to modify nouns.
-
I want
to know the place where she lives.
-
I
still remember the day when I met him
for the first time.
16.
Adverbial
clauses. These are the clauses having the same function as adverbs. Their types
include:
a. Adverbial clauses of time being marked
with: when, whenever, as, as long as, as soon as, until, since.
Examples:
-
He was
crossing the street when I saw him.
-
I will
go back to my hometown as soon as I finish my study.
b.
Adverbial
clauses of place starting with: where, wherever.
Examples:
-
You
can find Agus where he usually plays tennis.
-
I will
accompany you wherever you go.
c. Adverbial clauses of manner characterized
by the use of ‘as, as if, as though, like.’
-
You
should do the work as I told you before.
-
He
acts as if he knew everything.
d.
Adverbial
clauses of reasons, starting with: because, since, for, as.
-
He
will not see the movie since he does not have any money.
-
I did
not attend the meeting because I was busy.
e.Adverbial
clauses of concession, starting with: although, even though, and though
-
Although
Mary is busy, she will attend the conference.
-
She
will continue her study even though her parents do not support her.
f. Adverbial clauses of condition introduced
with: if, unless, provided that, on condition that, as long as.
-
If I
have a lot of money, I will lend you some.
-
He
will attend the trip as long as the cost is not so
g. Adverbial clauses of purposes introduced by
the words: so that, in order that, and so.
-
They
study hard in order that they pass the final exam.
-
I will
get up early so that I arrive at school on time.
