Materi Grammar

Materi Grammar

Topics covered for Grammar 1 Course:

1.Tenses

a. Review on the basic tenses of English in nominal and verbal sentences.

b.Nominal sentences: Subject + be + Noun

  Subject + be + Adjective

  Subject + be + Prepositional Phrase

                  John (be) absent

                  John is absent now

            John was absent last week

            John will be absent next week

            John is absent every Saturday

            John has been absent for three days.

     

c. Verbal sentences: Subject + Verb + (Object)

He (study) English

He is studying English now

He studies English every Friday

He studied English last Monday

He will study English next Friday

He has studied English for 5 months

He has been studying English for 5 months.

The cat eats the meat.

What does the cat eat?

What eats the meat?

The red book belongs to John.

2.Yes/No questions related to the various tenses previously reviewed.

Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Complement

Did            you   go      to Denpasar?

3.Wh-word questions in various tenses previously discussed.

Question Word + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Complement?

Where will you go?

4.Elliptical constructions

So + Auxiliary + Subject.

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject.

Subject + Auxiliary + too.

5.The uses of the 24 auxiliaries in English:

Present             Past

a. Be:                    is

     am              was

     are              were

b.Do:       do                did

  does

c. Have:          have

    has               had

d.Modals:  shall                 should

    will              would

    can               could

    may              might

   must

   ought to

                       used to

   need

   dare

6.Personal Pronouns in English (Subjective, Possessive (adjective, pronoun), Objective, Reflexive) Personal Pronouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Subjective	Possessive		Objective	Reflexive
	Adjective	Pronoun
I	My	Mine	Me	Myself
We	Our	Ours	Us	Ourselves
You	Your	Yours	You	Yourself/Yourselves
They	Their	Theirs	Them	Themselves
He	His	His	Him	Himself
She	Her	Hers	Her	Herself
It	Its	Its	It	itself

7.Degrees of Comparison.

a. Positive: as …. as, so …. as.

b.Comparative: ‘- er’ and ‘more -‘

c. Superlative: ‘- est’ and ‘most -‘

8.Passive Voice.

Active:  Subject   +        Verb        + Object

Passive: Subject   + Be + Verb III + Object

9.Reported Speech (Changing direct speeches into indirect ones).

a. Statements as direct speeches.

b.Yes/no questions as direct speeches.

c. Wh-word questions as direct speeches

d.Imperatives as direct speeches.

10.                Gerund.

a. Gerund as subject

-       Swimming is my hobby

-       Working all day makes me tired.

b.Gerund as object

I stop smoking

He objected to attending the meeting

c. Gerund as Complement

-       My hobby is swimming.

d.Gerund as noun modifier.

-       Swimming pool, boiling point, working hours.

11.                Present Participle.

a. Present participle used in progressive tenses

-       She is sweeping the floor.

-       I was watching the program when he came to my house.

-       I have been waiting for you.

b.Present participle as noun modifier

-       The ones appearing before the noun being modified: swimming boy, dancing girl, running water.

-       The ones appearing after the noun being modified: The boy living next door is my classmate; I don’t know the lady addressing you just now.

c. Present participle as clause modifier: Verb-ing, Subject + Predicate + Object.

There are three different meanings of present participles as clause modifier:

-       The action in the present participle serves as a reason why the action in clause happens. Raining heavily, I cannot go out for pleasure.

-       To indicate simultaneous activities: Watching TV, my father smoked a cigarette.

-       To indicate activities happening in succession: Having done the homework, I went out for pleasure.

d.Adjectival Participle

Verbs in –ing having the same function as adjectives: interesting, exciting, amusing, confusing, etc.

Examples:

- The performance is very interesting

      - Working all day is tiring

     12. Bare infinitives

           These refer to verb forms that are not preceded the word ‘to’ as well as not followed by any suffix.

     Various structural patterns in which bare infinitives are used:

a. Subject + Modal + Bare Infinitive

He          can          swim

They can speak English

John can drive a car

b.Subject + Verbs + Noun/Pronoun + Bare Infinitive

The verbs used in this context are: let, make, know, help, have; see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel.

Examples:

-       I let you borrow my bike

-       He made the child cry

-       I saw them cross the street

c. Subject + Verb + that S – P(Bare Infinitive) + Complement

The verbs used in this context are verbs of proposal: propose, insist, suggest, recommend, advise, it is important, it is necessary.

 Examples:

I advised that John be present at the meeting.

He suggests that the lady attend the meeting.

13.                To infinitives: It refers to the use of verb 1 preceded with ‘to’. The structures in which to infinitives are used are as follows:

a. To infinitive as subject:

-       To study English is very interesting

-       To work all day makes us tired.

b.            It + be + adjective + to infinitive

-       It is necessary to own a laptop

-       It is dangerous to cross the river

c. It + be + Noun + to infinitive

It is a pity to see the old man

It is a compulsory to pay the school fee.

d.            Subject + Verb + Noun/Pronoun + to infinitive

The verbs that can be used in this pattern are:  tell, ask, want, expect, allow, cause, force, etc.

Examples:

-       I allow him to go out.

-       I told him to stay at home.

-       He asked me to attend the meeting.

14.                Past Participles. These refer to the third forms of verbs. The structures in which past participles are used are:

a. They are used in perfect tenses:

-       Present Perfect Tense

-       Past Perfect Tense

-       Present Future Perfect

-       Past Future Perfect

b.            Passive voice: Subject + Be + Past Participle

-       The house was built in 1908.

-       He will be invited to the party

c. Subjunctives:

Subject + wish + that + S + had + Past Participle

I wished that he had been present at the meeting.

d.            Conditional sentence type 3:

Subject + would + have + Verb III    IF Subject + had + Verb III.

I would have done the job if I had had enough time.

e.As a noun modifier:

Before the noun being modified: written paper, educated people, broken glass, selected biscuits.

After the nouns being modified:

-       I like the novel written by Robert

-       The motor bike used by John is very expensive.

f.   Subject + Verb + N/P + Past Participle

I saw the man arrested by the police

I will have my car washed

I heard Smith punished by the teacher.

15.                Noun Clauses and adjective clause

Noun clauses are clauses having the same roles as nouns. The functions are:

a. As subjects:

-       What I want to buy are books and pens.

-       Where she lives is beyond my knowledge.

-       That he frequently comes late is known by the teacher.

b.            As objects:

-       I don’t know where he lives.

-       He believes what I have said

-       He asked me why I came late

c. As complements:

-       This is what I want to buy.

-       The lady is whom I am looking for.

Adjective clauses are the ones used to modify nouns.

-       I want to know the place where she lives.

-       I still remember the day when I met him for the first time.

16.                Adverbial clauses. These are the clauses having the same function as adverbs. Their types include:

a. Adverbial clauses of time being marked with: when, whenever, as, as long as, as soon as, until, since.

Examples:

-       He was crossing the street when I saw him.

-       I will go back to my hometown as soon as I finish my study.

b.            Adverbial clauses of place starting with: where, wherever.

Examples:

-       You can find Agus where he usually plays tennis.

-       I will accompany you wherever you go.

c. Adverbial clauses of manner characterized by the use of ‘as, as if, as though, like.’

-       You should do the work as I told you before.

-       He acts as if he knew everything.  

d.            Adverbial clauses of reasons, starting with: because, since, for, as.

-       He will not see the movie since he does not have any money.

-       I did not attend the meeting because I was busy.

e.Adverbial clauses of concession, starting with: although, even though, and though

-       Although Mary is busy, she will attend the conference.

-       She will continue her study even though her parents do not support her.

f.   Adverbial clauses of condition introduced with: if, unless, provided that, on condition that, as long as.

-       If I have a lot of money, I will lend you some.

-       He will attend the trip as long as the cost is not so

g. Adverbial clauses of purposes introduced by the words: so that, in order that, and so.

-       They study hard in order that they pass the final exam.

-       I will get up early so that I arrive at school on time.